捷克和斯洛伐克的笔迹学简史

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导言
    学在捷克斯洛伐克（通常包括捷克和斯洛伐克）能明显的分为三个阶段：1948年前；1948-1989年的社会主义集权阶段；新集权时期，也就是所谓的天鹅绒革命后时期。

笔迹学在1948年之前

捷克斯洛伐克的第一位笔迹学家一般认为是Jozef A.Karas，他在杂志“Beseda Lidu, Svetozor”和“Zlata Praha”上创办了一个笔迹学栏目。1896年，她收集当时的资料并编辑了一个国外笔迹的文献报告。同年，Dolfina Poppee出版了第一本笔迹学的书《笔迹的秘密》。她本人是维也纳法院的资深笔迹专家，同时她也是伊丽莎白女皇的私人笔迹学家。
二十世纪初在捷克斯洛伐克有了更精深的关于笔迹学的介绍。1921年Adolf Zelinka出版了笔迹学方面的小册子，一年后与Poppee合作出了教科书。在捷克斯洛伐克及其国外被公认一位笔迹学领域的人物是Robert Saudek，他出生在波希米亚的kolin，是一位受过高等教育的外交官，与1935年在伦敦逝世。他能说好几种语言，用笔相家的思维写了小说《外交家》。他所有的著作都用捷克文出版，并且Saudek在布拉格还做笔迹分析方面的演讲。1925年，他出版了《笔迹心理学》。这本书被翻译成英语、荷兰语、德语、法语、丹麦文和瑞典语。1928年出版了《实证笔迹学》。1933年是《笔迹犯罪心理》——讲述笔迹学在司法方面的运用。这本书在布拉格由Orbis出版，也被翻译后在英国（伦敦，Methuen & Co. Ltd.出版），荷兰（海牙，H. P. Leopold, U. Mij），和美国（纽约，W. Morrow &Co. Inc.）出版。Saudek是杂志“Charakter”编辑社的领头人。（英文版叫做“性格和人格，作者G. Allen & Unwin, 由伦敦大学出版社和美国的Duke大学出版社出版）
1930年Harry G. Brooks和Jan Meloun在Saudek的理论基础上出版了《实证笔迹学指南》。同年Jozef Kubelka出版了名为《实用笔迹学》的手册；K. Lastovicka出版了《如何通过字迹了解自己和他人的性格》。
德文的第一本笔迹学杂志是1935年创刊的Die Schrift，后改名为Graphologie，由Vilem Schonfeld 和 Otto Fanta主办。
Schonfeld是众所周知的最好的笔迹学家之一。他于1909年出生于Chomutov，1933年在德国出版了他的第一本关于笔迹思维的著作。第二年他与K. Menze联合写了“肺病，性格和笔迹”。1937年在德国他又写了“Masaryk and Benes”。1944年他死于集中营，他的书稿有幸保存下来，并在1948年由布拉格的Pavel Eisner出版，书的名称是《科学笔迹学初学者手册》。值得一提的是“笔迹科学发展协会”是在美国筹备的，V. Schonfeld是发起人之一。
1941年Vaclav Prihoda从对孩子的笔迹研究中总结出了grapwwwtric分析法的基础，即精确地测量笔迹和人的个体发育规律。在他对笔迹看性别的研究中（同年在杂志Ceska Mysl上刊登），他确认从笔迹来判定性别是不可能的。
第一本斯洛伐克语的书是1947年由Michal Gavac出的《笔迹学》。同年Julie Flanderkova出版了《大众笔迹学》。
Ota Borsky是位关于笔体分析的司法专家，同时他还是杂志Ozveny上一个笔迹学栏目的编辑。1949年在刑事学公告上，他发表了对希特勒在1924、1933和1945签名的分析报告。
Jozef Petera做为一位引领型的技术人员和司法专家在各种杂志上都发表文章。1947年他出版了一本很有趣的书是《笔迹学简史》，介绍了司法和犯罪笔迹学。同年与Ota Borsky联手，出版了一本关于司法笔迹学介绍的手册。

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1948-1989时期

捷克斯洛伐克从1948年起禁止自由使用笔迹分析法。唯一的例外是可以用于特殊的司法需要。对我们笔迹学人员来说，那真是一段艰难而灰暗的时期，这段时期将近维持了40年。在此期间只有少数文章刊登在期刊上（如J. Grumlik在Svobodne slovo，J. Fladerkova和K.Tyrna在Svoboda）。禁令直到1989年才解除。
在Gavac出版著作的35年后，Jozef Mistrik(1982)出版了他的笔迹学著作，这本书充满着时代的色彩。稍晚些，Stanislav Polak在1985年写了关于笔迹学和古文书的有趣回顾，刊登在Archival Journal杂志有关介绍德国和法国笔迹学校之后。

捷克和斯洛伐克笔迹学的新时期

1989年号称的天鹅绒革命之后，笔迹学开始了发展的新时代，也有了自己的出版物。成立了笔迹学社团和机构。在1993年的1月1日，捷克斯洛伐克分为两个独立的国家，有各自相似易懂的语言。
自1948年以来，第一个职业的捷克斯洛伐克笔迹学家是Jan Tresta。1991年他出了本《大众笔迹学》的小册子。同年，Miroslav Kucera出了本很有趣的书《笔迹在说话》。1991年的另一本书是Petr Zivny写的《笔迹说明什么》；Jiri Kulka的《笔迹学》Vera Kornova 和Miroslav Korn的《笔迹学口袋书》。接着1992年Hakim Kismet出了《Graphology in the lump》；Radek Bicovsky出了《笔体的秘密-笔迹学绪论》
1993年Frantisek Stritz写了本《笔迹能告诉我们什么》，次年Jan Jerabek出版了《笔迹学诊断绪论》。
1995年有Jozef Mistrik写的《笔迹学教程》，Hana Filipcova的《从笔迹看人》。
在90年代末，Jozef Burgr-Votava出了本《笔迹不撒谎/对笔迹您还不了解什么》，Pavel Reiha出了《尽早了解您的合伙人—通过笔迹了解商业合伙人关系的手册》
Frantisek Stritz在2000年又出了《笔迹学实物课程》。Jozef Burgr在2001年出了《由笔迹看性格》，同年Jiri Kulka写了《笔迹学及常用术语》。
那时还有几个笔迹学社团。斯洛伐克笔迹协会（SGrS）由F. Stritz（已故）成立于1992年。SGrS每年出两期杂志，并想在教育部的委派下创立一个笔迹学学校。该社团大约有100名成员。
捷克笔迹协会成立与1996年，出版了杂志Grafologie。另外还有捷克-摩拉维亚笔迹社团和捷克笔迹社团。
第一个捷克笔迹学代表大会于1998年在布尔诺举行。第二届与2001年11月于同一座城市举办。第一届捷克研讨会——笔迹学运用的可行性于1999年在Zilina举行，第二届于2000年在Nitra举行，会议的主题是笔迹学的任务与可实施性。
结语
以上简史的介绍主要想突出斯洛伐克和捷克共和国的笔迹学发展的内容。介绍中不仅仅提及了官方出版的书籍，还有一些外交方面的，和一些很有趣但并未出版的材料。没有提及从国外翻译过来的材料，如Hargreaves & Wilson出版的笔迹学字典。还有文中并没有涉及所有的笔迹学家，尤其是大学的和司法方面的专家。

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A History of Czech and Slovak Graphology
Introduction
The history of Czechoslovak Graphology (currently combining the Czech and Slovak histories) can be divided into three distinct periods: the era preceding 1948; the era 1948 – 1989, the period of totalitarian socialism; the new post totalitarian era period, after the so-called Velvet Revolution.   
Graphology before 1948
The first graphologist in Czechoslovakia would appear to have been Jozef A. Karas, who produced a graphological column in the journals “Beseda Lidu, Svetozor” and “Zlata Praha”. In 1896 he presented information and edited, what was at that time, a foreign graphological literature-bulletin “Nova Doba”. In the same year Dolfina Poppee published the first graphological book called Secret of Handwriting. She was a handwriting expert for the Court of Justice in Vienna and a personal graphologist to the Empress Elizabeth.
In the early twenties there were more intensive introductions to graphology in the territory of Czechoslovakia. In 1921 Adolf Zelinka published a small book Graphology and one year later collaborated with Poppee in their Textbook of Graphology. The most recognized person in the graphology field in the Czech and Slovak territory and also outside, was Robert Saudek, who was born in Kolin as a highly educated diplomat, and died in 1935 in London. He spoke several languages, and authored the novel Diplomats (1922) with a graphological plot. All of his works were published in the Czech language and Saudek lectured on Handwriting Analysis in Prague. In 1925 Psychology of Handwriting was published; it was also translated into English, Dutch, German, French, Danish, and Swedish. His next work in 1928 was Experimental Graphology, and in 1933 Crime in Handwriting – Graphology in Court. This work was published by Orbis in Prague and also translated in England (Methuen & Co. Ltd., London), Holland (H. P. Leopold, U. Mij, The Hague) and U.S.A. (W. Morrow &Co. Inc., New York). Saudek was the head of the editorial board of the Journal “Charakter” Eine Vierteljahresschrift fur Psychodiagnostik und verwandte Gebiete, Pan_Verlag, Berlin (English version „Character and Personality“, G. Allen & Unwin, London and the Duke University Press, U.S.A.).
In 1930 Harry G. Brooks and Jan Meloun published Experimental Graphology Guide Book based on Saudek’s theory. In the same year there was a handbook published by Jozef Kubelka entitled Practical Graphology and a publication by K. Lastovicka: How I know my Character and that of Others through Handwriting.
The first Czechoslovak journal in the German language was Die Schrift, started 1935, and later renamed as Graphologie, under the supervision of Vilem Schonfeld and Otto Fanta.
Schonfeld is one of our best graphologists. He was born in 1909 in Chomutov and published his first work in 1933, in German, on Graphological Intelligence. The next year together with K. Menzel he wrote “Tuberculosis, Character and Handwriting”, later in 1937 he wrote “Masaryk and Benes” again in German. He died in a concentration camp in 1944 from where his notes were saved and in 1948 Pavel Eisner of Prague published them under the title “Handbook of Scientific Graphology for Beginners.” It is worth noting that the project development of The Scientific Graphological Institute, was prepared in U.S.A. and V. Schonfeld was the proposed director.
Vaclav Prihoda in his study of children’s handwriting, in 1941, developed the basis for the grapwwwtric method – describing the exact measuremerents of writing and his ontogenetic regularity. In his study on sex from handwriting, published in the same year (in the journal Ceska Mysl), he confirmed that it is not explicitly possible to establish sex from handwriting.
The first book in the Slovak language – Grafologia (Graphology) appeared in 1947 from the pen of Michal Gavac; in the same year Julie Flanderkova presented her Graphology for All.  
Ota Borsky was a forensic expert for hand and mechanical writing and a writer for „Ozveny“ journal with a one-page column Graphology. In 1949 he published three analyses of Hitler signs from the years of 1924, 1933 and 1945 in the bulletin Kriminalistika (Criminology).
A leading specialist and forensic expert Jozef Petera, published in various journals and also wrote a very interesting book in 1947 Introduction to Forensic and Criminal Graphology with a supplement called A brief history of Graphology. Together with Ota Borsky, he published, in the same year, a manual with the title Introduction to the Forensic Graphology.
The period 1948 – 1989
  In Czechoslovakia the free practice of graphology was officially prohibited from 1948. The only exception to this was for special forensic purposes. It was a “very hard and gloomy time” for our graphology and it lasted for 40 years. During this time only a few articles appeared in periodicals (For example J. Grumlik in Svobodne slovo; J. Fladerkova with K.Tyrna in Svoboda). The prohibition continued until 1989.
35 years after Gavac’s work Jozef Mistrik (1982) published his Grafologia (Graphology), which is tainted by the mood of the time. Later, in 1985, Stanislav Polak wrote a very interesting review about graphology and paleographology in the Archivni caspopis (Archival Journal) introducing handwriting analyses following the German and French schools.
New era of Czech and Slovak Graphology
Only after the so-called Velvet Revolution in 1989 did the new era of graphology begin and several graphological publications were made available. Graphological societies were founded and congresses held. On January 1st, 1993 Czechoslovakia was divided into two independent states with two languages that are very similar and easy to understand.

From 1948 the first private professional Czechoslovak graphologist was Jan Tresta. He wrote a small book Graphology for everyone in 1991. In the same year Miroslav Kucera published a very interesting book: Writing speaks – why, where, how and to whom. Other 1991 authors were: Petr Zivny: What can handwriting say – Chapters from Graphology; Jiri Kulka: Graphology; Vera Kornova and Miroslav Korn: The pocket Graphology. They were followed in 1992 by Hakim Kismet:Graphology in the lump; Radek Bicovsky: Secret of the Handwriting – Introduction of Graphology.
In 1993 Frantisek Stritz wrote What writing say for us – Graphology for everybody and in the next year Jan Jerabek published Graphology – Introduction for Graphologic Diagnostic.
Then in 1995 Jozef Mistrik: Course of Graphology and  Hana Filipcova’s Human in the Handwriting Picture.  
In the late 90s Jozef Burgr-Votava published “Handwriting doesn’t lie or what you do not know about Graphology” and Pavel Reiha released “Know your Partners Early.A Handbook of Graphology for Business and Partner Relations.”
Frantisek Stritz published again in 2000 with Graphological Object-Lessons. Jozef Burgr in 2001 produced Personality revealed by handwriting and in the same year Jiri Kulka wrote Graphology – System and technical terms.
There are several graphological interest groups in the region. The Slovak Graphological Association (SGrS) was founded in 1992 by F. Stritz (deceased). SGrS publishes a journal called Grafolog twice a year and is trying to establish a graphological school with the Ministry of Education accreditation. There are about 100 members.
The Czech Graphological Chamber was founded in 1996 and publishes the Journal Grafologie. There is also the Czech-Moravian Graphological Society and the Czech Graphological Society.
The first Czech Congress of Graphoanalysis took place in1998 in Brno and the second one was in November 2001 in the same city. The firstst Slovak Seminar – Possible Applications of Graphology was in 1999 in Zilina and the second one – The Tasks and Possibilities for Graphology was in 2000 in Nitra.
Conclusion
This brief history has attempted to highlight the major features of the graphological landscape of Slovakia and the Czech Republic. It is clearly not a comprehensive examination in that only officially published works are mentioned. There are some diploma thesis and other interesting, but as yet unpublished, materials. Translations from foreign literature are also not mentioned, for example Hargreaves & Wilson released their Dictionary of Graphology. Furthermore not all graphologists are mentioned, specifically those in universities and others that are for